Rabu, 13 Januari 2010











Diseases of Heart
















Diseases of Blood Vessels





















Diseases of Respiratory system




























Diseases of Digestive system















Diseases of Urinary Tract

















Diseases of Male Genital System























Diseases of Female Genital System
















Diseases of Nervous System














Diseases of Endocrine System




















Diseases of Lymphoid and Haemopoietic System














Blood diseases



Kabanyakan Perbincangan dalam Tajuk Ini Pasal Tumor

Diseases of Breast



Diseases of Bone and Joints

Koleksi Tumor2

senaraikan dulu then explain kemudian


Tumor of heart
19

1) primary tumor of heart : Extremely rare and include
myxoma,
fibroma,
lipoma,
rhabdomyoma,
angiosarcoma
rhabdomyosarcoma

2) secondary tumours: Occur in 5% of patients dying of cancer.The commonest are bronchial carcinoma,
breast carcinoma,
malignant melanoma,
lymphoma
leukaemia.

Tumor of blood vessels32

1) benign tumours:

a.capillary haemangioma ( part one page 157)
b.cavernous haemangioma(part one page157)
c.benign haemangioendothelioma (part one page 157)
d.sclerosing haemangioma:
e. glomangioma (glomus body tumour)

2) malignant tumours

a. Haemangiopericytoma
b. Angiosarcoma
d. Kaposi sarcoma

Tumours of the nose and sinuses35

1. Benign tumors:
(a) epithelial : squamous cell papilloma, ransitional cell papiloma, invertde papilloma and pleomorphic salivary adenoma/

(b) Mesodermal ; Angioma and osteoma are the common , but fibroma, chondroma, myxoma, lipoma, neurofibroma and osteoclastoma may occur.

2. Malignant tumopurs:
(a) epithelial: transitional cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, lymphoepithelioma and adenocarcinoma
(b) mesodermal : fibrosarcoma, osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, malignant melanoma ad malignant lyphomas

Tumours of the larynx40
(a) squamous cell papilloa- explain
(b) squamous cell carcinoma- explain

Tumours of the lung
1) Benign tumours:
a)Epithelial: Bronchial papilloma
b) Mesodermal: Fibroma, leiomyoma, chondroma, lipoma

2) Locally malignant tumours: Bronchial carcinoid

3) Malignant tumours:
a) primary tumours: a) epithelial : Bronchogenic carcinoma, broncho-alveolar carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma and mucoepidermoid carcinoma
b) mesodermal: fibrosarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, and lyphomas//

b) 2ry tumours ( metastasis)

Tumours of the pleura63

1) Benign mesothelioma
2) malignant mesothelioma
3) pleural metastasis

Tumours of the kidney136

Primary tumours of kidney

a) benign
----epithelial: cortical adenoma and oncocytoma
----mesodermal: medullary fibroma, angiomyolipoma, lipoma, leiomyoma, myxoma, haemangioma and lymphangioma

b) malignant
----epithelial: renal cell carcinoma ( hypernephroma)
----mesodermal: sarcomas, malignant lymphomas and multiple myeloma
-----wilm's tumou ( nephroblastoma)

c) tumor of renal pelvis

Tumours of the urinary bladder140

1 Primary tumours:
a) benign tumours : epithelial---villous papilloma and inverted papilloma
mesodermal---fibroma, neurofibroma, leiomyoma, myxoma and haemangioma

b) malignant tumour: epithelial: carcinoma, non bilharzial and bilharzial
mesodermal: sarcomas corresponding to the benign mesodermal tumours

2 secondary tumours:
a) direct spread: from carcinoma of the prostate, sigmoid and rectum
b) mucosal implantation: from carcinoma of the renal pelvis and ureter

Tumours of the testis140

a) benign
-interstitial cell tumour
-sertoli cell adenoma ( androblastoma)
- benign mesodermal tumours of the epididymis and tunica vaginalis

b) malignant
-seminoma
-teratoma
-yolk sac tumour

Tumours of the penis151

a) benign
- squamous cell papillomae

b) malignant
-squamous cell carcinoma

Tumours of the vulva159

---benign---condyloma acuminatum
----adenoma of sweat and sebaceous glands
---- angioma
---- naevus
----lipoma

---malignant---squamous cell carcinoma
--- rare: adenocarcinomas
: malignant melanomas
: fibrosarcoma
: haemangiosarcomas
: lymphoma

----condyloma acuminatum

Tumours of vagina160

benign---condyloma acuminatum, leiomyoma, haemangioma, dermoid cyst

malignant--- squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, embryomal rhabdomyosarcoma


Tumours of the uterine cervix161

benign---condyloma acumnatum, cervical polyp, leiomyoma

malgnant- carcinoma of cervix, sarcoma of botyroides, leiomyosarcoma

Tumours of uterine body161

benign---endometrial polyp ( adenoma), leiomyoma

malignant---carcinoma of endometrium, mixed mesodermal tumour, leiomyosarcoma, endometrial stromal sarcoma

Tumor of the placenta173
include hydatidiform mole and choriocarcinoma



Tumours of the ovary

Benign tumor of breast

Maliganant tumor of breast

Sarcoma of breast

Tumours of bone

(1) primary bone tumours

(2) seconday bone tumours part one page 149

(1) primary bone tumours

Benign:
-Compact osteoma
- Osteoid osteoma
- Exostosis
- Chondroma
-Benign chondroblastoma
- Chondromyxoid Fibroma
- Fibroma

Locally Malignant Tumours of Bone
- Giant cell tumour or osteoclastoma
- Adamintinoma ( ameloblastoma)

Malignant tuours of bone
- Osteosarcoma ( osteogenic sarcoma)
- Chondrosarcoma
- Fibrosarcoma of bone
- Ewing's tumour
- Multiple myeloma ( Plasma Cell Myeloma)

Primary Bone tumours:

1) Osteogenic tumours
2) Chondrogenic tumours
3) Fibrogenic tumours
4) Tumours of unknown origin
5) Haemopoietic tumours
6) Lipogenic tumours
7) Vascular tumours
8) Neurogenic tumours
9) Notochordal tumours
10) Histiocyic tumours

Tumours of lymph nodes

1.Primary tumours ( Malignant lymphoma)

a. hodgkins lyphoma

b. nonhodgkins lyphoma

2.2ry tumours

Tumor of spleen

Tumours of the adrenal gland

Tumors of the adrenal gland

Tumours of gall bladder

Lips 64

benign----squmaous cell papilloma, salivary glands adenoma, fibroma , lipoma, haemangioma, lymphangioma

malignant---squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, malignant saivary gland tumours and angiosarcoma


Mouth 65

benign---similar to those of lips

malignant---squamous cell carcinoma and leukaemic infiltrate

Tongue 66

benign---squamous cell papilloma, cavernous haemangioma, cavernous lymphangioma, fibroma, leiomyoma, and myoblastoma

malignant---squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma

Salivary glands 68

benign---pleomorphic adenoma, monomorphic adenoma,

malignant--- malignant mixed salivary tumour, mucoepidermoid carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma ( cylindroma), acinic cell tumour

Oesophagus 71

benign---- squamous cell papilloma, leiomyoma, fibroma and lipoma

malignant----carcinoma, leiomyosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, and malignant lymphoma

Stomach 75

benign---adenoma( adenomatous polyp) , leiomyoma, leiomyoblastoma, fibroma, neurofibroma, lipoma, angiomas

malignant----carcinoma, carcinoid tumour, sarcoma---leiomyosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, liposarcoma, malignant lymphoma

Small int 91

benign----adenoma and leiomyoma are the commonest, but fibroma, neurofibroma and haemangioma may occur

malignant----adenocarcinoma, carcinoid tumour ( argentaffinoma), malignant lymphoma

Appendix 92
-carcinoid tumour
-adenocarcinoma
-malignant lymphoma

Large int 92

Tumours of the small intestine---

benign---adenoma and leiomyoma are the commonest
--- neurofibroma

malignant---adenocarcinoma
---carcinoid tumour
--- malignant lyphoma





Tumours of the liver105

a) benign
- cavernous haemangioma
- liver cell adenoma
- bile duct adenoma

b) malignant
-1ry: 1. hepatocellular carcinoma
2. cholangocarcinoma
3. hepatoblastoma
4. haemangiosarcoma and lymphomas

-2ry: metastasis

Tumour of the peritoneum118

a) benign
- fibroma

b) malignant

1ry: mesothelioma and fibrosarcoma

2ry: peritoneal metastases originates from carcinomas of the stomach, colon, gall bladder, pancreas, ovaries and lungs.

Thyroid gland 214
-Follicular adenoma
a) simple type ( non follicular)
b) colloid type ( macrofollicular)
c) foetal type ( microfollicular)
d) embryonal type
e) Hurthle cell type

- Thyroid carcinoma
a) papillary adenocarcinoma
b) follicular adenocarcinoma
c) anaplastic carcinoma
d) medullary carcinoma

Parathyroid tumours 216
-Parathyroid adenoma
- Parathyroid carcinoma


Tumor of adrenal medulla
- neuroblastoma
-ganglioneuroma
- pheochromocytoma ( chromaffinoma)
metastatic tumours


Nervous system 229










































Tumor of nervous system

Tumor of neuroglia ( gliomas)
- Astrocytoma
- Glioblastoma multiforme
- Oligodendroglioma
- Ependymoma
- Choroid plexus papilloma

Tumor of neurons
- Neuroblastoma
- Ganglioneuroblastoma
- Ganglioneuroma

Tumours of primitive undifferentiated cells:
- Medulloblastoma

Tumours of pineal cells
- Pineoblastoma
- Pineocytoma

Tumours of meninges
- Meningioma
- Meningeal sarcoma
- Meningeal haemopericytoma

Tumours of nerve sheath cells
- Schwannoma ( neurilemmoma)
- Neurofibroma

Lymphomas
- Primary and secondary

Malformative tumours:
- Craniopharyngioma
- Dermoid cyst
- Colloid cyst

Metastatic tumours